Germanium Ore Concentrating
The Discovery and History of Germanium
Germanium's versatility extends beyond electronics and optics; it also plays an integral part in renewable energy technologies such as solar cells. Germanium tetrachloride (GeCl4), derived from raw materials like clemensite ore or coal fly ash residue containing traces of this element, contributes to the production of highly efficient solar ...
Modes of occurrence of germanium and tungsten in the …
Moreover, the nature of these mineral phases indicates the polychronic formation of germanium ore in the deposit. On the one hand, germanium-containing jarosite, goethite and hydrogoethite were most likely formed due to the formation of weathering crust on greisenized granites. This can be seen particularly clearly in the case of coals and ...
Modern Indium and Germanium Industry in China
In 1960, China's first enterprise that extracted germanium from lead-zinc ore was built in Huize, Yunnan. From then, dozens of plants or mines in China recovered germanium from the by-products such as nonferrous metal ore and coal. In 1980, the total reserves of germanium in China were 8 tons. At the beginning of the 1990s, China successfully ...
Element: Germanium
Germanium is a chemical element with the symbol Ge and atomic number 32. It is lustrous, hard-brittle, grayish-white and similar in appearance to silicon. It is a metalloid in the carbon group that is chemically similar to its group neighbors silicon and tin. Like silicon, germanium naturally reacts and forms complexes with oxygen in nature.
(PDF) Geology and mineralogy of the Apex germanium
The Apex Mine, in Washington County, southwestern Utah, is the first mine in the world to be operated primarily for germanium and gallium. The ore, consisting of goethite, limonite, hematite ...
Germanium: Current and Novel Recovery Processes
Germanium (Ge) is considered a critical element due to its many industrial applications; Ge is a metalloid used in solar cells, fiber optics, metallurgy, chemotherapy, and polymerization catalysis. The main sources of Ge are sulfides ores of Zn, Pb, and Cu, coal deposits, as well as by-products and residues from the processing of these ores and coals …
Germanium Data Sheet
exported germanium leach concentrates recovered from processing zinc concentrates from the Middle Tennessee Mines. Germanium in the form of compounds and metal was imported into the United States for further processing by industry. A company in Utah produced germanium wafers for solar cells used in satellites from imported and recycled germanium.
Moving Towards Sustainable Germanium Sourcing …
Germanium Production Systems Studied. In system 1 (Fig. 1), lead concentrate and leaching residues from zinc concentrate are added to a smelter based in North America.Germanium contained in the slag is further up-concentrated until it can be chlorinated to GeCl 4.It is further hydrolyzed to GeO 2, followed by reduction to germanium metal, zone …
Germanium Mining
Germanium is also used in fiber-optic systems, infrared optics, solar cells, and certain medical applications, such as chemotherapy. The mining of germanium dates back to the late 19th century when Clemens Winkler discovered the element in a mineral sample from a …
Mechanism of germanium enrichment in the world-class …
The world-class Huize deposit hosts significant germanium (Ge) resources in the Sichuan–Yunan–Guizhou (SYG) Mississippi Valley-type (MVT) Pb–Zn province of China. The distribution and enrichment mechanism of Ge is still poorly understood. In the main ore-forming stage of Huize, we identified six sphalerite colors from C1 (black) to C6 (white) in transmitted …
Review of germanium processing worldwide
Germanium reports in various base metal concentrates, intermediate residues, other process reverts and wastes (e.g., metallurgical slag) thereby becoming potential sources …
EXTRACTING METALS FROM SULFIDE ORES
Many approaches were pursued to solve the "sulfide problem" at Broken Hill before selective flotation was developed. The successful technology involves first crushing the ore, typically to a particle size of about 5 to 50 micrometers, to liberate separate grains of the various valuable minerals and worthless gangue components.Then the particles are pulped with water, and the …
Petrology, mineralogy, and geochemistry of the Ge-rich coal …
High-Ge lignite is one of the most important types of known germanium deposits, and coal-hosted germanium ore deposits have been reported in the Spetsugli deposit in the Russian Far East (Arbuzov ...
Who Are the Main Germanium Providers in the U.S.?
Between 2015 and 2018, Belgium and China were the two main germanium providers in the U.S. While, as of 2019, the U.S. has reduced its reliance on imported germanium to 50%, it is still a …
The Primary and Secondary Production of Germanium: A Life …
The high difference can easily be explained considering the germanium concentration in the starting material. The burning of the coal amount necessary to have 1 kg …
Germanium Ore
Germanium ore are veins of germanium oxide embedded in basalt rock. Gains germanium ore chunks when mined. It has no use other than mining it, it drops Germanium Ore Chunks. It can be successfully mined with your hand in all game modes except Adventure mode. Germanium spawns at levels 2 - 50, in basalt.
Germanium
Germanium. F.A. D'Altroy, in Encyclopedia of Materials: Science and Technology, 2001 1 Technology. Germanium does not appear in commercial quantities as a native ore but is produced principally as a by-product of zinc processing, with a smaller amount from the processing of copper. The germanium-containing metallic zinc is first distilled under nonoxidizing conditions.
Germanium
Element Germanium (Ge), Group 14, Atomic Number 32, p-block, Mass 72.630. Sources, facts, uses, scarcity (SRI), podcasts, alchemical symbols, videos and images. ... came across an unusual ore. It was passed to Albin Weisbach at the nearby Mining Academy who certified it was a new mineral, and asked his colleague Winkler to analyse it. ...
Germanium Gallium Ore Leaching with Sulfuric Acid
At operating conditions of 1,000 kg H2SO4/mt ore, 20 % solids, and 90 °C, 96% of the gallium and 85% of the germanium in the ore were extracted. Microprobe studies showed that approximately 10 to 15% of the germanium in Apex ore is in solid solution with silica and cannot be leached with sulfuric acid or SO2. ———–
(PDF) Germanium concentration associated to …
Germanium (Ge) is often found as trace element in undeformed sphalerite (ZnS). However, the presence of Ge-minerals (oxides, chloritoids and/or sulphides with up to 70 wt% Ge) is remarkable in Pb ...
Application of LA-ICP-MS to process mineralogy: Gallium and germanium
The copper ore itself is a breccia-type ore, characterized by up to four ore-forming stages, with the late stages showing evidence of fluid-driven element re-mobilization.
Processing to obtain high-purity gallium | JOM
Gallium has become increasingly popular as a substrate material for electronic devices. Aside from ore, gallium can be obtained from such industrial sources as the Bayer process caustic liquor that is a byproduct of bauxite processing, flue dust removed from the fume-collection system in plants that produce aluminum by the electrolytic process, zinc refinery residues, gallium scrap …
Germanium Deposits in the United States
Currently, germanium is produced as a byproduct of zinc-bearing ore deposits. Acid mine drainage may have elevated signatures of germanium because of germanium's strong association to sulfide minerals (Shanks and others, 2017). Germanium is also recovered from lignite and coal deposits worldwide (Melcher and Buchholz, 2014).
Production of Germanium and Gallium Concentrates for …
A conceptual design of a process to produce germanium and gallium metal from mixed rare earth concentrates (consisting of oxides or carbonates) (MREC) produced from …
Germanium Facts, Symbol, Discovery, Properties, Uses
Isotopes. Its five stable isotopes, germanium-70, germanium-72, germanium-73, germanium-74, and germanium-76, occur naturally out of which germanium-74 is the most common with a natural abundance of around 36% [4].Germanium-76 is slightly radioactive with a half-life period of 1.6 X 10 21 years and a natural abundance of around 7% [1, 4].It also has more than 27 artificially …
Estimated germanium content in zinc deposits
Germanium (Ge) is a critical raw material used in high-technology industry (i.e., optical industry) applications, and it is predominantly concentrated in coals and Zn-rich deposits. Previous...
On the geological availability of germanium | Mineralium …
A reasonably well constrained value for the known amounts of germanium present in coal and zinc deposits worldwide is provided in Table 1.A total of >24,000 t is obtained, similar to the results of previous studies by Elsner et al. and Melcher and Buchholz ().However, such a deposit-by-deposit type approach (i.e. summing the products of average grade and size for …
Leading the healthy development of germanium industry
Based on the largest germanium ore reserves in China, Yunnan Germanium is a high-tech enterprise with the most complete germanium industrial chain with subsidiaries in Yunnan Lincang, Kunming and Wuhan. ... germanium single crystal wafer for solar battery use, efficient concentrating solar cell module, photovoltaic germanium tetrachloride, high ...
Life Cycle Assessment of Metals: A Scientific Synthesis
The production of primary () metal typically includes ore mining and concentrating, smelting or separation, and refining to obtain the element in its metallic form [8,9], with a variety of processing routes available. In each stage, impurities and by-products are separated and the concentration of the metal in the final product increases.
US4678647A
Method for extracting germanium by thermally reducing and volatilizing germanium ore US10156003B2 (en) : : Yunnan Lincang Xinyuan Germanium Industry Co.,Ltd. Method of extracting germanium from germanium deposit using thermal reduction process ... Process for concentrating and recovering gallium US4252777A (en) * : ...
Germanium: the OG Digital Age metalloid
Original computer semiconductor now energizes space ambitions. Germanium is a versatile and powerful semiconductor that traces its technology roots back to the dawn of the Digital Age and continues to lend its superlative semiconducting and optical properties to enhancing computers, smartphones, solar panels, fiber optics, and other devices 80 year...
Germanium: A review of its US demand, uses, resources, …
Germanium (Ge) is one of the critical elements of modern technologies, with supply risk, inefficient production, and increased demand. It is used in high technology …
Study on Extracting of Germanium with ctylamine
Graph 8 also told us that the stripping rate of germanium increased with phase ratio increasing.At this time the germanium concentration of water phase decreased,it could not achieve the purpose of Jie Liang et al. / Energy Procedia 17 ( 2012 ) 1965 â€" 1973 1973 concentrating germanium.When O/A=2/1, the single anti-extractive rate of ...
Germanium: environmental occurrence, importance and …
Germanium was discovered in the year 1886 by the German chemist Clemens Winkler after careful analysis of a silver-rich mineral ore that was found near the German city of Freiberg (Winkler 1886a).In his meticulous analysis of the ore which has been found and described by his colleague Weisbach just one year before and named argyrodite (Ag 8 GeS 6) …
Germanium: A Comprehensive Overview
The beginning stage in germanium production involves roasting sulfide ores with minute traces of germanium at elevated furnace temperatures to form GeO2 or germanium dioxide. This compound then undergoes further refinement using hydrochloric acid leading to the formation of GeCl4 or germanium tetrachloride – an intermediate product that will ...
Samacheer Kalvi 12th Chemistry Guide Chapter 1 Metallurgy
Elements such as germanium (Ge), silicon (Si) and gallium (Ga) that are used as semiconductors are refined using this process. Question 7. ... This method is used for concentrating native ore such as gold and oxide ores such as haematite, tinstone. Question 2. What is cyanide leaching?